Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Francium</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="float-right infobox wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:310px; max-width:400px;">

<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; font-size:120%; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="margin:auto; background-color:color:var(--color-inverted, #FFFFFF); color:var(--color-base, #000000); text-align:center; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:separate; border-style:hidden;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 1: Wasserstoff (H), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="30">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Helium" title="Helium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 2: Helium (He), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 3: Lithium (Li), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 4: Beryllium (Be), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bor" title="Bor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 5: Bor (B), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 6: Kohlenstoff (C), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 7: Stickstoff (N), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 8: Sauerstoff (O), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 9: Fluor (F), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 10: Neon (Ne), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 11: Natrium (Na), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 12: Magnesium (Mg), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 13: Aluminium (Al), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 14: Silicium (Si), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 15: Phosphor (P), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 16: Schwefel (S), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 17: Chlor (Cl), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 18: Argon (Ar), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 19: Kalium (K), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 20: Calcium (Ca), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 21: Scandium (Sc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 22: Titan (Ti), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 23: Vanadium (V), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 24: Chrom (Cr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 25: Mangan (Mn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 26: Eisen (Fe), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 27: Cobalt (Co), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 28: Nickel (Ni), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 29: Kupfer (Cu), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zink" title="Zink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 30: Zink (Zn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 31: Gallium (Ga), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 32: Germanium (Ge), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 33: Arsen (As), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Selen" title="Selen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 34: Selen (Se), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Brom" title="Brom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 35: Brom (Br), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 36: Krypton (Kr), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 38: Strontium (Sr), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 39: Yttrium (Y), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 40: Zirconium (Zr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Niob" title="Niob"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 41: Niob (Nb), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 42: Molybdän (Mo), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 43: Technetium (Tc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 45: Rhodium (Rh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 46: Palladium (Pd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silber" title="Silber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 47: Silber (Ag), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 48: Cadmium (Cd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Indium" title="Indium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 49: Indium (In), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 50: Zinn (Sn), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 51: Antimon (Sb), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 52: Tellur (Te), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iod" title="Iod"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 53: Iod (I), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 54: Xenon (Xe), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 55: Caesium (Cs), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Barium" title="Barium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 56: Barium (Ba), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 57: Lanthan (La), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cer" title="Cer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 58: Cer (Ce), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 59: Praseodym (Pr), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 60: Neodym (Nd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Europium" title="Europium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 72: Hafnium (Hf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 73: Tantal (Ta), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 74: Wolfram (W), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 75: Rhenium (Re), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 76: Osmium (Os), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 77: Iridium (Ir), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Platin" title="Platin"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 78: Platin (Pt), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gold" title="Gold"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 79: Gold (Au), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 80: Quecksilber (Hg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 81: Thallium (Tl), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Blei" title="Blei"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 82: Blei (Pb), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 83: Bismut (Bi), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 84: Polonium (Po), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Astat" title="Astat"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 85: Astat (At), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 86: Radon (Rn), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed; border:2px solid #72777D; margin:-1px"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 87: Francium (Fr), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radium" title="Radium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 88: Radium (Ra), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 89: Actinium (Ac), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Uran" title="Uran"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 92: Uran (U), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Americium" title="Americium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Curium" title="Curium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 105: Dubnium (Db), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 107: Bohrium (Bh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 108: Hassium (Hs), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 112: Copernicium (Cn), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 113: Nihonium (Nh), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 114: Flerovium (Fl), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 115: Moscovium (Mc), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 116: Livermorium (Lv), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 117: Tenness (Ts), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 118: Oganesson (Og), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="text0" style="font-size:12px; position:absolute; top:5px; left:50%; margin-left:-125px;line-height:120%;">[<a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>1</sup></div>
<div style="position:absolute; top:5px; left:45%; margin-left:20px;line-height:120%;"><span id="text2" style="font-size:10px; vertical-align: sub;">87</span><span id="text3" style="font-size:20px; font-weight:bold;">Fr</span></div>
<div style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Allgemein
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chemisches_Element#Sortierte_Liste_chemischer_Elemente" title="Chemisches Element">Name</a>, <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Symbol</a>, <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">Francium, Fr, 87
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elementkategorie" title="Elementkategorie">Elementkategorie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetalle</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems">Gruppe</a>, <a href="Periode_des_Periodensystems" title="Periode des Periodensystems">Periode</a>, <a href="Block_des_Periodensystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Block des Periodensystems">Block</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">1</a>, <a href="Chemische_Elemente_der_siebten_Periode" title="Chemische Elemente der siebten Periode">7</a>, <a href="Periodensystem#Block" title="Periodensystem">s</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Aussehen
</td>
<td>unbekannt
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>
<p><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-73-5">7440-73-5</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>






<tr>
<td>Massenanteil an der <a href="Erdh%C3%BClle" title="Erdhülle">Erdhülle</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">1,3 · 10<sup>−18</sup>&nbsp;ppm<sup id="cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harry_H._Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Atomar<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atommasse" title="Atommasse">Atommasse</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">223,0197 <a href="Atomare_Masseneinheit" title="Atomare Masseneinheit">u</a>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Kovalenter_Radius" title="Kovalenter Radius">Kovalenter Radius</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">260 pm
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Van-der-Waals-Radius" title="Van-der-Waals-Radius">Van-der-Waals-Radius</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">348<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pm
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">Elektronenkonfiguration</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1. <a href="Ionisierungsenergie" title="Ionisierungsenergie">Ionisierungsenergie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198372224">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-1000::after{content:"."}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus>span,.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec>span{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus::after{content:"−"}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec::after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-fractpart{margin-right:0.2em}


/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>4<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span><span class="numericFormat-fractpart">072</span><span class="numericFormat-fractpart">741</span>0(11) <a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-francium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-francium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap">392<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>96 <a href="Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-francium_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-francium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>












<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Physikalisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>fest
</td></tr>









<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">berechnet: etwa 298<sup id="cite_ref-melting_point_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melting_point-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (25 °C)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">berechnet: etwa 936 K<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (663 °C)
</td></tr>




<tr>
<td><a href="Verdampfungsenthalpie" title="Verdampfungsenthalpie">Verdampfungsenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ca. 65 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzenthalpie" title="Schmelzenthalpie">Schmelzenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ca. 2 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>












<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Chemisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl">Oxidationszustände</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">+1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrodenpotential#Normalpotential" title="Elektrodenpotential">Normalpotential</a>
</td>
<td>ca. −2,92 V (Fr<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Fr)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronegativit%C3%A4t" title="Elektronegativität">Elektronegativität</a>
</td>
<td>0,7 (<a href="Elektronegativit%C3%A4t#Pauling-Skala" title="Elektronegativität">Pauling-Skala</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Isotope
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable center darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122; border:hidden; margin:0;">

<tbody><tr>
<td><a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Isotopenverh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Isotopenverhältnis">NH</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">t<sub>1/2</sub></a>
</td>
<td><a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t#Zerfallsarten" title="Radioaktivität">ZA</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsenergie" title="Zerfallsenergie">ZE</a> (M<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a>)
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsprodukt_(Radioaktivit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerfallsprodukt (Radioaktivität)">ZP</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>210</sup>Fr<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>3,18 <a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphazerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphazerfall">α</a> (71&nbsp;%)<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>6,671<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Astat" title="Astat"><sup>206</sup>At</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>211</sup>Fr<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">3,10 <a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphazerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphazerfall">α</a> (87&nbsp;%)<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>6,662<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><sup>207</sup>At
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>+</sup></a> (13&nbsp;%)<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>4,615<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Radon" title="Radon"><sup>211</sup>Rn</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>212</sup>Fr<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">20,0 <a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphazerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphazerfall">α</a> (43&nbsp;%)<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>6,529<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><sup>208</sup>At
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>+</sup></a> (57&nbsp;%)<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>5,143<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><sup>212</sup>Rn
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap">…<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap">…
</td>
<td>…
</td>
<td>…
</td>
<td>…
</td>
<td>…
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>222</sup>Fr<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>14,2 <a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Betazerfall" title="Betazerfall">β<sup>−</sup></a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>2,058<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Radium" title="Radium"><sup>222</sup>Ra</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>223</sup>Fr<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap">100&nbsp;%
</td>
<td rowspan="2">22,00 <a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a><sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Betazerfall" title="Betazerfall">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>1,1491<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><sup>223</sup>Ra
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Alphazerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphazerfall">α</a> (0,006&nbsp;%)<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>5,5614<sup id="cite_ref-AME2020_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><sup>219</sup>At
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122;">Weitere Isotope siehe <a href="Liste_der_Isotope/Ordnungszahl_81_bis_Ordnungszahl_90#87_Francium" title="Liste der Isotope/Ordnungszahl 81 bis Ordnungszahl 90">Liste der Isotope</a>
</th></tr>




<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Gefahren- und Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-top:7px; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span style="line-height:1.1em;"><b><a href="Radioaktiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktiv">Radioaktiv</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">


<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><br><i>keine Einstufung verfügbar</i><sup id="cite_ref-NV_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NV-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>






<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; line-height:1.2em; text-align:center; color:#202122; font-size:smaller;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.
</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Francium</b> [<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r227981795">
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</style><span class="navigation-not-searchable"><span class="IPA"><a href="Liste_der_IPA-Zeichen" title="Liste der IPA-Zeichen"><span title="Aussprache im Internationalen Phonetischen Alphabet (IPA)" lang="zxx">ˈfʁant͡si̯ʊm</span></a></span></span>] ist ein <a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität">radioaktives</a> <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">chemisches Element</a> mit dem <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Elementsymbol</a> Fr und der <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> 87. Im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> steht es in der 1. <a href="Hauptgruppe" title="Hauptgruppe">Hauptgruppe</a>, bzw. der 1.&nbsp;<a href="Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems">IUPAC-Gruppe</a> und gehört zu den <a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetallen</a>. Francium ist das schwerste bekannte Alkalimetall.
</p><p>Francium besitzt von allen Elementen bis zur <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> 103 die in ihrer Gesamtheit instabilsten <a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotope</a>. Selbst das langlebigste Francium-Isotop <sup>223</sup>Fr besitzt eine <a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">Halbwertszeit</a> von nur 22&nbsp;Minuten. Dieses kommt in Spuren in <a href="Uranerz" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranerz">Uranerzen</a> vor, da es in der <a href="Uran-Actinium-Reihe" title="Uran-Actinium-Reihe">Uran-Actinium-Reihe</a> zu etwa 1&nbsp;% beim Zerfall von <a href="Actinium" title="Actinium"><sup>227</sup>Ac</a> entsteht. In geringen Mengen werden Francium-Isotope in Forschungseinrichtungen wie dem <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> erzeugt. Bislang konnten keine wägbaren Mengen des Elementes gewonnen werden, so dass es nur in Form weniger Atome oder sehr verdünnter Lösungen untersucht werden konnte. Darum sind viele physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften bislang unbekannt und nur theoretisch berechnet worden. Außerhalb der physikalischen <a href="Grundlagenforschung" title="Grundlagenforschung">Grundlagenforschung</a> hat Francium keine Bedeutung.
</p><p>Vorhergesagt wurde die Existenz des Franciums schon von <a href="Dmitri_Iwanowitsch_Mendelejew" title="Dmitri Iwanowitsch Mendelejew">Dmitri Mendelejew</a>, entdeckt wurde es 1939 von <a href="Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a> am <a href="Institut_Curie" title="Institut Curie">Institut du Radium</a> in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> bei der Beobachtung des Zerfalls von <sup>227</sup>Ac und der Feststellung, dass sich das Zerfallsprodukt chemisch wie <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> verhielt, also ein Alkalimetall sein musste.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>1871 sagte <a href="Dmitri_Iwanowitsch_Mendelejew" title="Dmitri Iwanowitsch Mendelejew">Dmitri Iwanowitsch Mendelejew</a> bei seiner Aufstellung des Periodensystems erstmals die Existenz eines Elementes unterhalb des <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesiums</a> voraus, das er systematisch <i>Ekacäsium</i> nannte. Er berechnete das relative <a href="Atomgewicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomgewicht">Atomgewicht</a> des Elementes auf etwa 175, dies war gegenüber dem späteren Francium auf Grund der noch unklaren Stellung der <a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a> zu niedrig angesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ab Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts versuchten viele Chemiker, häufig durch die Analyse des caesiumreichen <a href="Pollucit" title="Pollucit">Pollucits</a>, das noch fehlende Element 87 („Eka-Caesium“) zu entdecken. Hierbei wurde vor allem die <a href="R%C3%B6ntgenspektroskopie" title="Röntgenspektroskopie">Röntgenspektroskopie</a> genutzt. Auch die <a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität">Radioaktivität</a> von Alkalimetallerzen, die in Wirklichkeit auf der Strahlung des <a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">Kaliumisotops</a> <sup>40</sup>K beruht, wurde mit Eka-Caesium in Verbindung gebracht. Einige Chemiker vergaben Namen für das von ihnen postulierte Element, so Gerald J. F. Druce und Frederick H. Loring <i>Alkalinium</i>, Dmitri Dobroserdow <i>Russium</i>, Fred Allison <i>Virginium</i>, Horia Hulubei und <a href="Yvette_Cauchois" title="Yvette Cauchois">Yvette Cauchois</a> 1937 <i>Moldavium</i>. Keine dieser Entdeckungen konnte bestätigt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Entdeckt wurde das fehlende Element 1939 von <a href="Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a> am <a href="Institut_Curie" title="Institut Curie">Institut du Radium</a> in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Sie untersuchte den radioaktiven Zerfall des <a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Actiniumisotops</a> <sup>227</sup>Ac genauer. Perey reinigte das Actinium, bis keine weiteren strahlenden Elemente enthalten waren und maß dann die Strahlung, die das Actinium ausstrahlte. Unerwarteterweise entstand während des Experiments <a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">Betastrahlung</a>, die am Anfang nicht messbar war und in den ersten beiden Stunden schnell anstieg. Diese Strahlung konnte nicht vom Actinium kommen, sondern musste von einem unbekannten Tochterisotop stammen. Als sie mit verschiedenen Experimenten ermittelte, um welches Element es sich handeln könnte, stellte Perey fest, dass durch Zugabe von <a href="Caesiumchlorid" title="Caesiumchlorid">Caesiumchlorid</a> und <a href="Natriumperchlorat" title="Natriumperchlorat">Natriumperchlorat</a>-Lösung sich ein strahlender Niederschlag bildete, dessen Strahlung exponentiell mit einer <a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">Halbwertszeit</a> von etwa 21&nbsp;Minuten zurückging. Es musste sich also ein radioaktives caesiumähnliches Alkalimetall gebildet haben, also sehr wahrscheinlich Element 87.<sup id="cite_ref-Adloff_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adloff-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das neu gefundene Element wurde von Perey zunächst der üblichen Konvention für <a href="Zerfallsreihe" title="Zerfallsreihe">Zerfallsreihen</a> folgend <i>Actinium-K</i> genannt. 1946 schlug sie in ihrer Doktorarbeit den Namen <i>Francium</i> und das Elementsymbol <i>Fa</i> nach <a href="Frankreich" title="Frankreich">Frankreich</a> vor. Ihren ursprünglichen Vorschlag <i>Catium</i> (aufgrund der elektropositiven Eigenschaften des Elements) verwarf sie, unter anderem da <a href="Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> eine Assoziation mit dem englischen „cat“ anstelle von „<a href="Kation" title="Kation">cation</a>“ befürchtete. Der Name Francium wurde akzeptiert, jedoch das Elementsymbol auf Vorschlag von <a href="Bertrand_Goldschmidt" title="Bertrand Goldschmidt">Bertrand Goldschmidt</a> auf Fr geändert.<sup id="cite_ref-Adloff_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adloff-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miśkowiec_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miśkowiec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Francium war das letzte Element, das in natürlichen Stoffen gefunden wurde und nicht zuerst synthetisch hergestellt wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-Miśkowiec_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miśkowiec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen">Vorkommen</h2></div>
<p>Francium ist zusammen mit <a href="Astat" title="Astat">Astat</a> das <a href="Liste_der_H%C3%A4ufigkeiten_chemischer_Elemente" title="Liste der Häufigkeiten chemischer Elemente">seltenste</a> natürlich vorkommende Element auf der Erde.<sup id="cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harry_H._Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es wird geschätzt, dass zu jeder Zeit in der gesamten <a href="Erdkruste" title="Erdkruste">Erdkruste</a> weniger als eine <a href="Unze" title="Unze">Unze</a> (etwa 28&nbsp;g) Francium vorhanden sind.<sup id="cite_ref-CRCFr_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRCFr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Element kommt ausschließlich in geringen Spuren in <a href="Uranerz" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranerz">Uranerzen</a> vor. In einer Probe von einer Tonne natürlichem Uranerz wurde eine Menge von <span style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r252749370">
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</style>3<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>8<span class="numericFormat-multiply" style="background-color:var(--color-base, #202122)">e</span><span class="numericFormat-10"><sup><span class="numericFormat-minus"><span>-</span></span>10</sup></span> g</span> Francium gefunden.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Francium kommt nur in Form des Isotops <sup>223</sup>Fr in der Natur vor.<sup id="cite_ref-CRCFr_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRCFr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dieses Isotop ist Teil der von <sup>235</sup>U ausgehenden <a href="Uran-Actinium-Reihe" title="Uran-Actinium-Reihe">Uran-Actinium-Reihe</a>. Dabei zerfällt bei der Bildung von Francium das Actiniumisotop <sup>227</sup>Ac zu 1,38&nbsp;% durch Alphazerfall zu <sup>223</sup>Fr. Dieses zerfällt dann weiter mit einer Halbwertszeit von 22&nbsp;Minuten zu <sup>223</sup>Ra.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{227}_{\ 89}Ac\ {\xrightarrow[{21,8\ a}]{\alpha }}\ \ _{\ 87}^{223}Fr\ {\xrightarrow[{22\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ \ _{\ 88}^{223}Ra} }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/83daf973fab1186ce0022e347c0ac79c6a4473fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.065ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.607ex; width:31.594ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{227}_{\ 89}Ac\ {\xrightarrow[{21,8\ a}]{\alpha }}\ \ _{\ 87}^{223}Fr\ {\xrightarrow[{22\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ \ _{\ 88}^{223}Ra} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewinnung_und_Darstellung">Gewinnung und Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Chemisch können franciumhaltige Lösungen aus Actinium extrahiert werden. Dazu wird ein <a href="Kationenaustauscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kationenaustauscher">Kationenaustauscher</a> mit <sup>227</sup>Ac beladen und das durch Zerfall entstehende <sup>223</sup>Fr mit einer <a href="Ammoniumchlorid" title="Ammoniumchlorid">Ammoniumchlorid</a>-<a href="Chrom(VI)-oxid" title="Chrom(VI)-oxid">Chrom(VI)-oxid</a>-Lösung <a href="Elution" title="Elution">eluiert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Künstlich kann Francium auf verschiedene Arten hergestellt werden. Die Franciumisotope <sup>208</sup>Fr bis <sup>211</sup>Fr konnten an der <a href="Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook University</a> durch <a href="Kernfusion" title="Kernfusion">Kernfusion</a> hergestellt werden. Dazu wurde in einem <a href="Linearbeschleuniger" title="Linearbeschleuniger">Linearbeschleuniger</a> ein Strahl von <a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">Sauerstoffatomen</a> <sup>16</sup>O bis <sup>18</sup>O mit einer Energie von 100&nbsp;<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">MeV</a> erzeugt und auf eine <a href="Gold" title="Gold">Goldfolie</a> des Isotops <sup>197</sup>Au geschossen, wobei Francium entstand.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{}^{197}\!\!\;Au\ +{}^{18}\!\!\;O\ \longrightarrow \ {}^{210}Fr\ +5\ n} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {{}^{197}\!\!\;Au\ +{}^{18}\!\!\;O\ \longrightarrow \ {}^{210}Fr\ +5\ n} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e4fedd630a84ef84b69e88328f34d3725eded05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:30.423ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {{}^{197}\!\!\;Au\ +{}^{18}\!\!\;O\ \longrightarrow \ {}^{210}Fr\ +5\ n} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Auch die Gewinnung von <sup>212</sup>Fr gelang durch den Beschuss von <sup>198</sup>Pt mit <sup>19</sup>F. Dabei konnten im Fall von <sup>210</sup>Fr etwa drei Millionen erzeugte Franciumionen pro Sekunde gemessen werden. Die entstandenen Ionen wurden auf eine <a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttriumoberfläche</a> geleitet, wodurch neutrale Atome entstanden. Diese konnten in einer <a href="Magneto-optische_Falle" title="Magneto-optische Falle">Magneto-optischen Falle</a> abgekühlt und gespeichert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>An den Forschungszentren <a href="TRIUMF" title="TRIUMF">TRIUMF</a> in <a href="Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> und <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in <a href="Genf" title="Genf">Genf</a>, <a href="Schweiz" title="Schweiz">Schweiz</a> ist es möglich, <a href="Ionenstrahl" title="Ionenstrahl">Ionenstrahlen</a> verschiedener Franciumisotope zu erzeugen. So wurden mit <a href="ISOLDE" title="ISOLDE">ISOLDE</a> am CERN Ionenstrahlen der Isotope <sup>205</sup>Fr, <sup>218</sup>Fr bis <sup>220</sup>Fr, <sup>223</sup>Fr, <sup>224</sup>Fr, <sup>230</sup>Fr und <sup>231</sup>Fr erzeugt. Dies geschah durch Beschuss von 2000&nbsp;°C heißem Urancarbid mit sehr energiereichen <a href="Proton" title="Proton">Protonen</a> (1,4&nbsp;GeV), worauf verschiedene <a href="Kernspaltung" title="Kernspaltung">Kernspaltungen</a> und <a href="Spallation" title="Spallation">Spallationen</a> auftraten und unter anderem Francium entstand.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Am TRIUMF wurden auf ähnliche Weise die Isotope <sup>207</sup>Fr, <sup>209</sup>Fr und <sup>221</sup>Fr erzeugt und dabei Ausbeuten von bis zu 2&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>8</sup> Ionen pro Sekunde erreicht.<sup id="cite_ref-Orozco_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orozco-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physikalische_Eigenschaften">Physikalische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Auf Grund der kurzen Halbwertszeiten der Francium-Isotope sind nur sehr wenige Eigenschaften des Elementes bekannt. Es wurde bislang keine wägbare Menge des Elementes synthetisiert.<sup id="cite_ref-CRCFr_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRCFr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francium wurde vor allem <a href="Laserspektroskopie" title="Laserspektroskopie">spektroskopisch</a> untersucht. So konnte die <a href="Hyperfeinstruktur" title="Hyperfeinstruktur">Hyperfeinstruktur</a> des Elementes aufgeklärt werden, und auch die erste <a href="Ionisierungsenergie" title="Ionisierungsenergie">Ionisierungsenergie</a> ist inzwischen sehr genau bekannt. Diese ist aufgrund <a href="Relativistische_Effekte_in_der_Chemie" title="Relativistische Effekte in der Chemie">relativistischer Effekte</a> mit 4,07&nbsp;<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a> entgegen der Systematik etwas höher als die des Caesiums, das damit die niedrigste Ionisierungsenergie aller Elemente besitzt.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waren ausreichend Atome in einer Magneto-optischen Falle gefangen, zeigten diese <a href="Fluoreszenz" title="Fluoreszenz">Fluoreszenz</a>, was mit einer Videokamera beobachtet werden konnte.<sup id="cite_ref-CRCFr_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRCFr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bei anderen Eigenschaften ist man dagegen auf <a href="Theoretische_Chemie" title="Theoretische Chemie">theoretische Berechnungen</a> angewiesen, um eine ungefähre Vorstellung von diesem Element zu erhalten. So wurde zur Bestimmung des Schmelzpunktes von Francium aus den bekannten <a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkten</a> der Alkalimetallhalogenide, der Alkalimetalle sowie der Ionenradien dieser Elemente eine Formel abgeleitet, mit der der ungefähre Schmelzpunkt des Franciums extrapoliert wurde. Die Berechnungen ergaben einen Schmelzpunkt des Metalls von 24,861 ± 0,517&nbsp;°С<sup id="cite_ref-melting_point_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melting_point-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er sollte damit unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes von Caesium bei 28,5&nbsp;°C<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liegen. Für den <a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkt</a> sind Schätzungen von 650 bis 680&nbsp;°C aus der Literatur bekannt. Nach den Trends der Siedepunkte und Atomradien der anderen Alkalimetalle ist ein Wert von 663&nbsp;±&nbsp;6&nbsp;°C am wahrscheinlichsten.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Auch die mögliche <a href="Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur">Kristallstruktur</a> wurde theoretisch untersucht. <a href="Dichtefunktionaltheorie_(Quantenphysik)" title="Dichtefunktionaltheorie (Quantenphysik)">Dichtefunktionaltheorie</a>-Berechnungen ergaben, dass das Energieniveau eines <a href="Hexagonales_Kristallsystem" title="Hexagonales Kristallsystem">hexagonalen</a>, <a href="Kubisches_Kristallsystem" title="Kubisches Kristallsystem">kubisch-flächenzentrierten</a> und kubisch-raumzentrierten <a href="Kristallsystem" title="Kristallsystem">Kristallsystems</a> mit einem Energieunterschied von nur 0,29&nbsp;<a href="Rydberg-Konstante" title="Rydberg-Konstante">mRy</a> sehr eng zusammenliegen, was innerhalb des Fehlerbereichs des verwendeten Verfahrens liegt. Die günstigste berechnete Struktur war dabei die hexagonale, die bei Drücken von 0,57&nbsp;<a href="Gigapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigapascal">GPa</a> in eine kubisch-flächenzentrierte Struktur übergeht. Bei höheren Drücken von 3 bis 14&nbsp;GPa wurde <a href="Supraleitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraleitung">Supraleitung</a> mit einer <a href="Sprungtemperatur" title="Sprungtemperatur">Sprungtemperatur</a> von bis zu 7&nbsp;<a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> berechnet.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemische_Eigenschaften">Chemische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Soweit bekannt, ähneln die chemischen Eigenschaften des Franciums stark denen des Caesiums. Sie wurden vor allem durch Co-<a href="F%C3%A4llung" title="Fällung">Fällungen</a> der Franciumverbindungen mit den entsprechenden Caesiumverbindungen aus wässrigen Lösungen und die Messung der Radioaktivität beobachtet. Werden zu einer franciumhaltigen Lösung geringe Mengen <a href="Caesiumchlorid" title="Caesiumchlorid">Caesiumchlorid</a> und konzentrierter <a href="Perchlors%C3%A4ure" title="Perchlorsäure">Perchlorsäure</a> hinzugefügt, fällt 60&nbsp;% des Franciums zusammen mit dem <a href="Caesiumperchlorat" title="Caesiumperchlorat">Caesiumperchlorat</a> aus. Ähnliche Co-Fällungen gelangen auch mit den <a href="Pikrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikrate">Pikraten</a>, <a href="Iodate" title="Iodate">Iodaten</a>, <a href="Hexachloroplatinate" title="Hexachloroplatinate">Hexachloroplatinaten</a> und einigen weiteren schwer löslichen Caesium- und Franciumverbindungen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotope">Isotope</h2></div>
<p>Es sind insgesamt 37 <a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotope</a> des Franciums von <sup>197</sup>Fr bis <sup>233</sup>Fr sowie weitere 34 <a href="Kernisomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernisomer">Kernisomere</a> bekannt. Alle Franciumisotope sind <a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität">radioaktiv</a>. Außergewöhnlich ist dabei, dass die längerlebigen Isotope nicht benachbarte Massenzahlen haben, sondern sich in zwei getrennten Bereichen befinden: Halbwertszeiten über 30 Sekunden haben die Isotope mit den <a href="Massenzahl" title="Massenzahl">Massenzahlen</a> 208…213 und 221…229. Dies lässt sich durch das <a href="Schalenmodell_(Kernphysik)" title="Schalenmodell (Kernphysik)">Schalenmodell</a> erklären: Die stabilsten Francium-Kerne wären eigentlich um die Massenzahl 221 zu erwarten (wie man in der <a href="Nuklidkarte/Ordnungszahl_81_bis_100" title="Nuklidkarte/Ordnungszahl 81 bis 100">Nuklidkarte</a> sieht), aber <sup>213</sup>Fr hat mit 126 Neutronen eine abgeschlossene Schale (<a href="Magische_Zahl_(Physik)" title="Magische Zahl (Physik)">magische Zahl</a>); zusätzliche Neutronen sind schwächer gebunden. Die längsten <a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">Halbwertszeiten</a> besitzen dabei <sup>223</sup>Fr mit 22 und <sup>212</sup>Fr mit 20&nbsp;Minuten. Francium hat damit von allen natürlich vorkommenden Elementen die kürzeste Halbwertszeit. Beim Astat besitzen zwar die natürlich entstehenden Isotope kürzere Halbwertszeiten, jedoch sind künstlich hergestellte mit längeren bekannt. Auch die <a href="Transurane" title="Transurane">Transurane</a> bis zum <a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> haben Isotope mit längeren Halbwertszeiten.<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Zwei Franciumisotope sind Teil von <a href="Zerfallsreihe" title="Zerfallsreihe">Zerfallsreihen</a>, <sup>223</sup>Fr in der <a href="Uran-Actinium-Reihe" title="Uran-Actinium-Reihe">Uran-Actinium-</a> und <sup>221</sup>Fr in der <a href="Neptunium-Reihe" title="Neptunium-Reihe">Neptunium-Reihe</a>. Letztere kommt aber in der Natur nicht mehr vor, da die Halbwertszeit des Ausgangsisotops <sup>237</sup>Np von 2,144 Millionen Jahren sehr viel kürzer als das Alter der Erde ist.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Auf Grund seiner Seltenheit, kurzen Halbwertszeit und hohen Radioaktivität hat Francium keine kommerzielle Bedeutung.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der <a href="Nuklearmedizin" title="Nuklearmedizin">Nuklearmedizin</a> spielt es indirekt eine Rolle. Es ist das Tochterisotop von <sup>225</sup>Ac, das als Alphastrahler mit einer Halbwertszeit von 10&nbsp;Tagen zu <sup>221</sup>Fr zerfällt. <sup>225</sup>Ac wird als <a href="Radiopharmakon" title="Radiopharmakon">Radiopharmakon</a> in der <a href="Krebs_(Medizin)" title="Krebs (Medizin)">Krebstherapie</a>, insbesondere gegen <a href="Prostatakrebs" title="Prostatakrebs">Prostatakrebs</a>, erforscht.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Francium wird vor allem in der physikalischen <a href="Grundlagenforschung" title="Grundlagenforschung">Grundlagenforschung</a> eingesetzt. Dadurch, dass das Element nur ein <a href="Valenzelektron" title="Valenzelektron">Valenzelektron</a> außerhalb der geschlossenen <a href="Schalenmodell_(Atomphysik)" title="Schalenmodell (Atomphysik)">Schale</a> besitzt und zudem eine hohe <a href="Kernladung" title="Kernladung">Kernladung</a> aufweist, ist es ideal geeignet, die Struktur von Kern und Hülle von Atomen zu erforschen. So wird die <a href="Parit%C3%A4tsverletzung" title="Paritätsverletzung">Paritätsverletzung</a> der <a href="Schwache_Wechselwirkung" title="Schwache Wechselwirkung">Schwachen Wechselwirkung</a> an Francium erforscht. Die messbaren Effekte sind hier 18 mal größer als beim Caesium.<sup id="cite_ref-Orozco_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orozco-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch die zeitliche Entwicklung von <a href="Naturkonstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturkonstante">Naturkonstanten</a>, die etwa von <a href="Superstringtheorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstringtheorie">Superstring-</a> oder <a href="M-Theorie" title="M-Theorie">M-Theorie</a> vorhergesagt werden, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Francium überprüfen. Dazu werden Adsorptionsspektren der Milliarden Jahre alten Strahlung von <a href="Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasaren</a> mit Laborergebnissen verglichen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Francium" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Francium">Wiktionary: Francium</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Francium?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Francium</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Harry_H._Binder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Harry_H._Binder" title="Harry H. Binder">Harry H. Binder</a>: <i>Lexikon der chemischen Elemente</i>, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7776-0736-3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Werte für die Eigenschaften (Infobox) sind, wenn nicht anders angegeben, aus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/francium/">www.webelements.com (Francium)</a> entnommen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manjeera Mantina, Adam C. Chamberlin, Rosendo Valero, Christopher J. Cramer, Donald G. Truhlar: <i>Consistent van der Waals Radii for the Whole Main Group.</i> In: <i>J. Phys. Chem. A.</i> 2009, 113, S.&nbsp;5806–5812, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8111556" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/jp8111556">doi:10.1021/jp8111556</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-ASD-francium-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-francium_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl?spectra=francium&amp;units=1&amp;e_out=0&amp;unc_out=1&amp;at_num_out=1&amp;el_name_out=1&amp;ion_charge_out=1&amp;biblio=1"><i>francium</i></a> in Kramida, A., Ralchenko, Yu., Reader, J. und NIST ASD Team (2019): <cite style="font-style:italic">NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ver. 5.7.1)</cite>. Hrsg.: <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, Gaithersburg, MD. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18434/T4W30F">10.18434/T4W30F</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/asd">physics.nist.gov/asd</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Francium&amp;rft.au=Kramida%2C+A.%2C+Ralchenko%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=NIST+Atomic+Spectra+Database+%28ver.+5.7.1%29&amp;rft.doi=10.18434%2FT4W30F&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> Abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Webelements-francium-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-francium_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/francium/atoms.html"><i>francium</i></a> bei <i>WebElements, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com">www.webelements.com</a></i>, abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-melting_point-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-melting_point_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-melting_point_6-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">V. V. Oshchapovskii: <i>A new method of calculation of the melting temperatures of crystals of Group 1A metal halides and francium metal.</i> In: <i>Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry.</i> 59, 2014, S.&nbsp;561–567, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036023614060163">10.1134/S0036023614060163</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikhila Narayana, Donald R. Burgess: <i>Melting points and boiling points for the alkali metals.</i> NIST Technical Note 2273. Hrsg.: <a href="NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>, Gaithersburg, MD, 2024, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2273">10.6028/NIST.TN.2273</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-10">k</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-11">l</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-12">m</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">F. G. Kondev, M. Wang, W. J. Huang, S. Naimi, G. Audi: <i>The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties *.</i> In: <i>Chinese Physics C.</i> 2021, Band 45, Nummer 3, S.&nbsp;030001, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AME2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AME2020_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AME2020_9-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AME2020_9-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AME2020_9-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AME2020_9-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AME2020_9-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AME2020_9-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AME2020_9-7">h</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Wang, W. J. Huang, F. G. Kondev, G. Audi, S. Naimi: <i>The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references.</i> In: <i>Chinese Physics C.</i> 2021, Band 45, Nummer 3, S.&nbsp;030003, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137%2Fabddaf">10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NV-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NV_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die von der Radioaktivität ausgehenden Gefahren gehören nicht zu den einzustufenden Eigenschaften nach der GHS-Kennzeichnung. In Bezug auf weitere Gefahren wurde dieses Element entweder noch nicht eingestuft oder eine verlässliche und zitierfähige Quelle hierzu wurde noch nicht gefunden. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dmitri Mendelejew: <i>Die periodische Gesetzmäßigkeit der chemischen Elemente.</i> (übersetzt von Felix Wreden) In: <i>Liebigs Annalen.</i> 8. Supplementband, 1871, S.&nbsp;133–239 (genauer S.&nbsp;196–197, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112018225695&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=598">Online in der HathiTrust digital library</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Stewart: <i>Mendeleev’s predictions: success and failure.</i> In: <i>Foundations of Chemistry.</i> 2018, Band 21, Nummer 1, S.&nbsp;3–9, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-018-9312-0">10.1007/s10698-018-9312-0</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marco Fontani, Mariagrazia Costa, Mary Virginia Orna: <i>The Lost Elements.</i> Oxford University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0-19-938334-4, S.&nbsp;321–325.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Adloff-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Adloff_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Adloff_14-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Pierre Adloff, George B. Kauffman: Francium (Atomic Number 87), the Last Discovered Natural Element. In: <i>The Chemical Educator.</i> Band 10, Nr. 5, 2005, S.&nbsp;387–394, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1333/s00897050956a">10.1333/s00897050956a</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604212956/http://chemeducator.org/sbibs/s0010005/spapers/1050387gk.htm">online im Internet Archive</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marguerite Perey: <i>Sur un élément 87, dérivé de l'actinium.</i> In: <i>Comptes Rendus.</i> 208, 1939, S.&nbsp;97–99 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3160g.image.f43.langDE">Digitalisat</a> auf <a href="Gallica" title="Gallica">Gallica</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Miśkowiec-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miśkowiec_16-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Miśkowiec_16-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Paweł Miśkowiec: <i>Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 3—rivalry of scientists in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.</i> In: <i>Foundations of Chemistry.</i> 2022, Band 25, Nummer 2, S.&nbsp;235–251, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-022-09452-9">10.1007/s10698-022-09452-9</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CRCFr-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRCFr_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRCFr_17-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRCFr_17-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRCFr_17-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Lide (Hrsg.): <i><a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>. 85.&nbsp;Auflage. (Internet-Version: 2005), CRC Press&nbsp;/ Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton FL, <i>Francium</i>, S.&nbsp;4-12 – 4-13.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hyde-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hyde_18-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hyde_18-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl K. Hyde: <i>The Radiochemistry of Francium.</i> <a href="Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>, 1959 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8221t54q">online</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L.R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger: <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements.</i> 4. Auflage, Springer, 2010, ISBN 978-94-007-0211-0, S.&nbsp;20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ullmann-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann_20-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ullmann_20-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Keller, Walter Wolf, J. Shani: <i>Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides.</i> In: <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.</i> 2011, S. 89–116, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.o22_o15">10.1002/14356007.o22_o15</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Grossman-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_21-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_21-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grossman_21-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua M. Grossman, L. A. Orozco, M. R. Pearson, G. D. Sprouse: <i>Spectroscopy of Francium Isotopes.</i> In: <i>Physica Scripta.</i> 2000, Band T86, Nummer 1, S.&nbsp;16, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1238/Physica.Topical.086a00016">10.1238/Physica.Topical.086a00016</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Jajčišinová, K. Dockx, M. Au, Silvia Bara, T. E. Cocolios, K. Chrysalidis, G. J. Farooq-Smith, Д. В. Федоров, V. N. Fedosseev, K. T. Flanagan, Michael Heines, D. Houngbo, J. D. Johnson, A. Kellerbauer, Sandro Kraemer, B. A. Marsh, L. Popescu, J.P. Ramos, S. Rothe, M. D. Seliverstov, S. Sels, S. Stegemann, M. Stryjczyk, V. Verelst: <i>Production study of Fr, Ra and Ac radioactive ion beams at ISOLDE, CERN.</i> In: <i>Scientific Reports.</i> 2024, Band 14, Nummer 1, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60331-z">10.1038/s41598-024-60331-z</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Orozco-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orozco_23-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Orozco_23-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">L. A. Orozco: <i>The Francium Trapping Facility at TRIUMF.</i> In: <i>Nuclear Physics News.</i> 2013, Band 23, Nummer 4, S.&nbsp;17–20, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10619127.2013.821918">10.1080/10619127.2013.821918</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Arnold, Wilhelm Borchers, H. T. Duong, P. Juncar, J. Lermé, Peter Lievens, W. Neu, R. Neugart, M. Pellarin, J. Pinard, Jean Vialle, K. Wendt, Isolde: <i>Optical laser spectroscopy and hyperfine structure investigation of the 10<sup>2</sup>S, 11<sup>2</sup>S, 8<sup>2</sup>D, and 9<sup>2</sup>D excited levels in francium.</i> In: <i>Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics.</i> 1990, Band 23, Nummer 20, S.&nbsp;3511–3520, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075%2F23%2F20%2F014">10.1088/0953-4075/23/20/014</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis A. Orozco: <i>Francium.</i> In: <i>Chemical &amp; Engineering News.</i> 2003, Band 81, Nummer 36, S.&nbsp;159, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n036.p159">10.1021/cen-v081n036.p159</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Lide (Hrsg.): <i><a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>. 85.&nbsp;Auflage. (Internet-Version: 2005), CRC Press&nbsp;/ Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton FL, <i>Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds</i>, S.&nbsp;4-1.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander P. Koufos, D. A. Papaconstantopoulos: <i>Electronic structure of francium.</i> In: <i>International Journal of Quantum Chemistry.</i> 2013, Band 113, Nummer 17, S.&nbsp;2070–2077, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qua.24466">10.1002/qua.24466</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Heinrich Lieser: <i>Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications.</i> Wiley-VCH, 2008, ISBN 978-35-2-761257-4, S.&nbsp;30–31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eline L. Hooijman, Valery Radchenko, Sui Wai Ling, Mark Konijnenberg, Tessa Brabander, Stijn L.W. Koolen, Erik de Blois: <i>Implementing Ac-225 labelled radiopharmaceuticals: practical considerations and (pre-)clinical perspectives.</i> In: <i>EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry.</i> 2024, Band 9, Nummer 1, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s41181-024-00239-1">10.1186/s41181-024-00239-1</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. M. Lynch: <i>Laser Assisted Nuclear Decay Spectroscopy.</i> Springer theses, 2014, ISBN 978-3-319-07112-1, S.&nbsp;2–3.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="klappleiste mw-collapsible navileiste navigation-not-searchable center" role="navigation">
<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> der <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">Elemente</a></div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H</a>
</td>
<td style="width:93.75%" colspan="30">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">He</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Bor" title="Bor">B</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">C</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">N</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">O</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">P</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">S</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Ti</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Cr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Fe</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Cu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zink" title="Zink">Zn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Selen" title="Selen">Se</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Niob" title="Niob">Nb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän">Mo</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Silber" title="Silber">Ag</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">In</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Sn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur">Te</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Iod" title="Iod">I</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan">La</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Cer" title="Cer">Ce</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Pr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym">Nd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal">Ta</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Platin" title="Platin">Pt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Hg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Blei" title="Blei">Pb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Astat" title="Astat">At</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Uran" title="Uran">U</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness">Ts</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" rules="all" style="border:1px solid #fff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background:#ff4500" width="9.1%"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#ff8c00" width="9.1%"><a href="Erdalkalimetalle" title="Erdalkalimetalle">Erdalkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dda0dd" width="9.1%"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#da70d6" width="9.1%"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f08080" width="9.1%"><a href="%C3%9Cbergangsmetalle" title="Übergangsmetalle">Übergangsmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#a9a9a9" width="9.1%"><a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#cd853f" width="9.1%"><a href="Halbmetalle" title="Halbmetalle">Halbmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#32cd32" width="9.1%"><a href="Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle">Nichtmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f0e68c" width="9.1%"><a href="Halogene" title="Halogene">Halogene</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#87cefa" width="9.1%"><a href="Edelgase" title="Edelgase">Edelgase</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dcdcdc" width="9%">Chemie unbekannt
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div>

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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4155153-9">4155153-9</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051541">sh85051541</a></span> </div>
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